It has to do with basic assumptions about the power of gov't, specifically the fed.gov.
The basic assumption in the US Constitution is that the powers of the fed.gov are limited, and unless specifically granted to them in the Constitution, they don't have those powers. The 10th Amendment spells this out, as explicitly as possible. Unfortunately, too many people (and officials) don't seem to understand this.
From this, it follows that, unless specifically authorized (for example, required to conduct an enumeration), the fed.gov is not allowed to add things on (for example, cell phone #s are not part of an enumeration).
It's not that giving out your cell phone #, or race, or whatever, is that arduous- its based on the principle that the fed.gov is not allowed to step outside the restrictions placed by the US Constitution. The Constitution is a limit on the powers of the fed.gov, period. Anything not mentioned is assumed to be reserved to the states or to the people.
"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people." Amendment 10, US Constitution
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