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It's no surprise, then, that common themes in sighting systems arise. I'm going to break these down into three categories: Type I, Type II, and Type III.
Type I sights are non-magnified red-dot optics. They are optimized for zero to 100 yards, and are
most effective within the cartridge's point-blank distance, which is about 275 yards for 5.56. On
large targets such as full silhouettes, they can make hits out to about 350 yards, but from 400
yards and further, compensating for over three feet of bullet drop is problematic. Type I optics
are typically reduced-parallax or parallax-free red-dot sights with no magnification. The most
common Type I optics are the Aimpoint M2, M3, or M4, and the EOTech.
Type II sights are low-power magnified optics with reticle features providing aiming points for
distant targets. The Type II optic should not have external knobs to prevent loss of zero due to
the knobs being bumped. They are optimized for 75 to about 400 yards. Type II optics are generally either
fixed magnification in the three to four power range, or are variable power in the one to four
range. The most common Type II optic is the Trijicon ACOG, in either the 4x versions (TA31, TA01) or
the 3.5x version (TA11). The US Military realizes these capabilities in the Designated Marksman
Rifle (DMR) and Squad Designated Marksman Rifle (SDM-R).
Finally, Type III sighting systems have the capability to take the rifle to its ballistic limit and
to engage very small target at extended ranges. The 18-inch Mk12 Mod 1 Special Purpose Rifle (SPR)
uses such an optic, so it makes sense to call it an SPR optic. Military-issue 5.56 loads
fired from a 16-inch barrel go subsonic between 600 and 800 yards at sea level, and this defines the
longest possible engagement distance. Keep in mind that the terminal energy of 5.56 at this
distance is very low, however, the SPR has made kills at over 600 yards using 77-grain ammunition.
The other advantage these have over the Type II or DMR optic is the ability to see and engage very
small targets at intermediate and long distances. When fighting opponents who are partially behind
cover or wearing armor, the ability to ID targets and place a head shot several hundred yards away
can be key.
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