There are several variants of the Mossberg shotgun in the field. They were type classiffied in the late 70's and have been purchased under multiple contracting vehicles as well as being localy modified in the field.
The base M-500 is a matte blued version of the Mossberg SKU: 50411-9 –– Synthetic; includes Pistol Grip kit –– 18.5" –– Bead –– CYL –– 6 –– 12 –– Blue
You can also find with in the USMC and Navy a version of the 590A1 SKU: 51411-8 –– Synthetic –– 18.5" –– Bead –– CYL –– 6. The Navy/USMC guns can be found listed has having 17" or 20" barrels, but being an Army guy the civilian equal is the 51411-8.
Both the Army and USMC SKU's would be classified under the MIL Spec as being Type II shotguns. The 20" 590A1 shotgun's everyone believes to be "the" military shotguns are Type I shotguns, "with heat sheilds and baynet lugs". The MilSpec also calls for a Rifle sighted "Type III" version, but I have not been able to find an reliable list of them having been procured in large numbers.
There are somewhere between 23,000-30,000 Mossbergs in service depending on your source. FMS sales cut out of the contracts make it hard to determine the exact count without access to LIW or TACOM records. Of those appoximately 95% or more are of "Type 2" configuration. About 1,000 20 "Type 1" configured shotguns were in service off of a one time buy several years ago.
Recently a large command "over hauled" for lack of a better term 1,302 of their Mossberg shotguns. During the process they converted an odd assortment of everything from standard 500's, 20" 590A1's and even some plain 20" 500's into 14" Compacts with several other modifications. The base FCG was retained. These would properly be classified as "Type II" shotguns also.
As for your original question I believe the actual requirement document requesting the change to the heavy barrel walls and metal FCG are lost in the dusts of time. The Mossberg shotgun does not have a PM which manages it or it's requirements. Therefore tracing the source would be difficult, but that is the generaly accepted basis of were the heavy barrel wall on metal trigger group came from. Banging things against bulk heads and all those other objects inside a ship can be hell on any piece of equipment.
My old unit has been banging 500's around since 2001 with no major issues. The configurations remain an issue, but hopefuly we will be able to fix that soon.

Training, that's another story

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